Right to privacy Essay Example for Free

Right to privacy Essay One of the hallmarks of every free and democratic society is the enjoyment by the people of their right to privacy. An example of the right to privacy is that which is protected and guaranteed under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Thus, searches and seizures to be valid must comply with the requirement of â€Å"reasonableness†. In case this requirement is not complied with then any evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment shall be declared inadmissible in any court of law pursuant to the Exclusionary Rule. One concrete example of the right against unreasonable search is when a police officer squeezes the luggage of a bus passenger in search for drugs. In the case of Bond v. United States, 529 US 334, Bond was a bus passenger when a border patrol agent boarded his bus to check on the immigration status of the passengers. While checking the immigration status of the passengers, the patrol agent it squeezed Bond’s bag and felt an object inside it. When asked, Bond allowed the agent to open it. The agent discovered methamphetamine inside his bag. In this case, the court ruled that the two part-test established under Katz v. United States to make a search valid for purposes of the Fourth Amendment not complied with: a) governmental action must contravene an individuals actual and subjective expectation of privacy; (2) and that expectation of privacy must be reasonable in the sense that society in general would recognize it as such. First, Bond had a reasonable expectation of privacy over his personal belongings and this is manifested by the fact that he brought with him an opaque bag that was placed over his seat. Secondly, the society in general recognizes that such expectation of privacy is reasonable. Although there is the expectation that the said luggage will be handled by other passengers of bus employees, there is no expectation that the luggage will be physically manipulated in an exploratory manner as what the patrol agent conducted in this case. The ruling in this case is particularly important for the protection of the people who are in public vehicles. It bears stressing that the privacy of a person is not limited only to his house, his office, his garage but this right extends even to his personal belongings. Mail Searches The same protection of the right to privacy extends to first-class letters and sealed packages. The rule is that in the absence of any probable cause that will lead police and postal authorities to conclude that there may be illegal contraband inside letters or packages they do not have any authority to inspect and open them for the purpose of searching for any illegal item. The case of United States v. Van Leeuwen is instructive. Even if there is probable cause to believe that there is an illegal contraband inside the letters or packages the same still does not authorize police and postal authorities to open them. Their authority is limited to the right to detain them for a reasonable time sufficient to obtain the required search warrant. It is only when the search warrant is obtained that they may open these letters and packages. The idea behind this principle is simple. The right to privacy and the right against unreasonable search and seizure are so important that suspicions for an illegal contraband inside the letters and packages do not suffice. There is also no justification for police and postal authorities to immediately open these letters and packages since the letters and packages are within their full control which gives them sufficient time to wait until search warrant is secured. Searches and Seizures by Private Persons One limitation of the provisions under the Fourth Amendment is that it extends only to privacy intrusions committed by government agencies and officers. Searches and seizures made by private individuals even if they violate the Fourth Amendment are not protected by the Fourth Amendment. The reason is simple. At the time the Fourth Amendment was included in the US Constitution that same was intended to guard against the potential abuses that government authorities may commit against private individuals. Historically speaking, the Fourth Amendment was originally designed as a response to the controversial writs of assistance that was prevalent before the American Revolution. (â€Å"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution†) It seeks to limit the power of government authorities and to protect the privacy rights of the people. Thus, considering that private individuals are on equal footing the framers thought that there was no reason to expand the scope of the Fourth Amendment and include therein private individuals. Thus, evidence obtained by private individuals in the course of an unlawful search provided they acted purely on their own and the police did not encourage nor participate in the private search and seizure is admissible. In the first example, if the discovery of methamphetamine was made by an employee of the bus company tasked to conduct routine inspections and searches, then the same does not constitute unreasonable search and the evidence obtained is admissible in court.

Music Essay -- essays research papers

The beauty of music is found in every soul† were the words of my grandmother. She always managed to bring music into every aspect of her life; whether it was ordinary housework or religious functions, she was ready to sing at any time. Her music was not the only part of her life; she was also the mother of six children and the wife of a prominent farmer. Although her life was complicated and, at many times, unbearable, music was never forsaken; it was one of her treasures. Through her and her treasure I realized what life and death really are. Her perseverance through her problems and her patience with her children and grandchildren has always amazed me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During elementary school, I remember a period of time when my grandmother stayed over our apartment. Although it was uncomfortable for a few weeks, I loved to hear her stories, especially the ones that were songs. It was fascinating because her songs would reflect her experiences, and goals in life; for example, one of her stories was about village women washing their clothes at the river in India. All through my childhood, I listened to her exciting stories, and, even confronted her with questions that made her laugh throughout the night. At that moment her laughter and smile were captured in my heart forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I grew older, my relationship with my grandmother became less of a priority. Instead I began to forget about my family and became more concerned with fr...

Death’s Marathon Shot0By-Shot Analysis

Shot-by-shot Analysis of â€Å"Death's Marathon† dir. D. W. Griffith. (1913) Shot 1(straight-on angle): †¢White text on black background written, † To find his friend before he losses all† (2 seconds). Cut to Shot 2 (medium long shot, slightly low angle): †¢Front of house, with stairs slightly to the right of shot and potted plant on either side of stairs. Friend (man) enters from right and walks up stairs (2 seconds). Cut to Shot 3 (medium shot, straight-on angle): †¢Interior of living room where foreground is pretty vacant but background has a study and a desk with a vase with flowers in it.There are three ladies standing: Two nurses on either side of the wife. wife asks maid on left something (1 second) then turns back towards camera (1 second) to ask maid on right also (2 second). Turns back to face camera (2 seconds). Then knock on door (presumably by friend) startles maids and wife and the maid on the left exits shot (3 seconds). Re-enter maid and friend from the left. Friend asks about husband with sharp hand movements (2 seconds). Cut to. Shot 4 (medium long shot, slightly high angle): interior of room with gambling table 3/4 shown on the bottom left corner of shot (foreground) and five men sitting around it gambling and doorman standing in background (2 seconds). Doorman turns to open door (1 second). Cut to Shot 5 (medium close-up, high angle): †¢Gambling table with chips and cards on table, and one player's hands (player to the left of husband) holding cards, places them down and takes all the chips in the centre of table(3 seconds). Cut to Shot 6 (same as shot 4) †¢(setting same as shot 4) and the man to the left of the husband swipes able and brings all his winnings to him and begin to stack up chips (2 seconds) then husband harshly throws two cards on the table, one at a time (2 seconds). Cut to. Shot 7 (medium long shot, straight-on angle) †¢friend on the left of shot, speaking with wife, on the ri ght of shot turned towards each other with their forearms elevated in foreground of shot. Two maids standing in the background (2 seconds). Then friend and maid standing on left exit shot to the left (1 second) and maid on the right exits to the right of shot, leaving wife to stand alone in the centre of shot (2 seconds).Cut to. Shot 8 (long shot, slightly low angle): †¢(setting like shot 2) friend walks down stair and out of house (2 seconds) Shot 9 (same as shot 4) †¢(setting same as shot – but without doorman) Player to the right of husband and husband place chips into the centre of table respectively (3 seconds). They both fold cards and player to the right of husband swipes all the chips in the centre of table towards him and laughs (5 seconds). Husband bangs fists on table and gets up and exits door in background while man sitting on the right of shot gets up to congratulate man on who won (5 seconds).Cut to. Shot 10 (long shot, straight-on angle): †¢ sho t of exterior of house with big pillars and stairs on left of screen. Husband walks down two steps, pauses, then continues walking and exits out from the right (5 seconds): Shot 11 (medium long shot, straight-on angle) †¢interior of room (like shot 3). Wife has back to camera and walks towards the background with worried expression (right hand clasped on face) and then turns to the left of shot (8 seconds). Cut to. Shot 12 (long shot, straight-on angle): exterior of house (like shot 10) car drives through and parks in front of stairs on the right of shot with friend in the car. Friend gets off, converses with driver then walks into the house (4 seconds). Cut to. Shot 13 (medium long shot, slightly high angle) †¢interior of house (like shot 9). Friend barges into room, and walks over to gambling table where game is going on. Presumably asks players and spectators where husband is, they reply and friends leaves the room (7 seconds). Cut to. Shot 14 (long shot, straight-on an gle) Friend runs out of house (same setting as shot 10) from left of shot, down stairs and into his car. His drivers drives him away, exit right of shot (4 seconds). Cut to. Shot 15 (medium long shot, straighten angle) †¢shot of husband walking on the street along shops, one which has â€Å"rokers† written on window on the left of screen. He walks towards the shop, pauses to stare at it and then walks in (4 seconds). Cut to. Shot 16 (medium shot, straight on) †¢ interior of ‘Rokers' shop. There is a desk with a telephone on it, and chair in the foreground.The background though is more cluttered with a study, stacks of books, a rocking chair and cabinets . Husband enters through door on the right of shot. inspects the space, takes his hat off then unbuttons his jacket, pulls a gun that he's been keeping in his pocket out and sits down on chair and is inspecting the gun (21 seconds). Cut to. Shot 17 (long shot, slightly high angle) †¢shot of exterior of hou se (like shot 2). Friend's car drives in from right of screen and parks in front of steps leading up to house front door. Friend gets off car and walks briskly into the house (5 seconds). Cut to.Shot 18 (medium long shot, slightly high angle): †¢interior of room (like shot 3), wife sitting on chair on the right side of the foreground. Then enters maid with friend. Cut to. Shot 19 (medium shot, straight on) †¢interior of room (like shot 16). Husband sitting on chair, leaning against table with telephone near his elbow. Husband looks at gun, chuckles then looks at telephone and picks it up (8 seconds). cut to. Shot 20 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢interior of room (like shot 3), friend and wife talking then phone rings and friend picks it up (5 seconds). cut to. Shot 21 (medium shot, straight-on) Interior of room (like shot 16), husband sitting on seat leaned against table speaking on telephone (4 seconds). Cut to. Shot 22 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢interior of ro om (like shot 3) friend laughs on phone then wife gets up looking relieved and happy (2 seconds). Cut to. Shot 23 (medium shot, straight on) †¢husband in same pose as in shot 21 continues to speak on the phone looking at his gun which is now pointed towards the ceiling (5 seconds). Cut to Shot 24 (title) †¢White text on black background that reads, â€Å"Determined upon suicide† (3 seconds) Shot 25 (medium shot, straight-on) friend and wife standing in the middle of interior of room (like shot 3), friend speaking on the phone and wife standing looking over shoulder (2 seconds). Cut to. Shot 26 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢interior of room (like shot 16) with husband in same position as shot 21, continues to laugh and talk; still pointing gun to ceiling (2 seconds). Cut to. Shot 27 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢friend and wife in same position as shot 25, friend getting angry, hands wife the telephone then exits to the left of shot. Wife speak on the phone w ith softer, happier expression (11 seconds).Cut to Shot 28 (Long shot, straight-on) †¢friend exits house, gets into car, then is briskly giving instructions to his driver pointing forward. The car drives off and exits to the right of the shot leaving a dust trail behind (3 seconds). Cut to. Shot 29 (Medium shot, straight on) †¢Husband sitting in same position as shot 21 and continues to speak on the phone and absentmindedly play with his gun (5 seconds). Cut to. Shot 30 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢interior of room (like shot 3), wife standing in the centre and continues to speak on the phone and occasionally smiling (5 seconds).Cut to. Shot 31 (long shot, straight on) †¢shows friend's car turning onto main road from left of shot and driving towards audience (3 seconds). Cut to. Shot 32 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢interior of house (like shot 3) with wife in same position as shot 30. Wife now looks worried and is accentuating the things she is saying over t he phone (6 seconds). Cut to Shot 33 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢setting and husband in same position as shot 21. Husband laughs once and looks at his gun (4 seconds). Cut to Shot 34 (medium shot, straight-on) wife in interior of room (like shot 30) and continues to look worried in and disagree into the phone, but after starts smiling and calming down slightly (13 seconds). Cut to. Shot 35 (medium shot, straight on) †¢same as shot 29 (2 seconds). Cut to Shot 36 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢wife in interior of room (like shot 3) and continues to speak on the phone worriedly. She then puts the phone down and moves off screen from the right (5 seconds). Cut to. Shot 37 (medium shot, straight on) †¢interior of room like shot 21, but the man stops speaking and puts the phone down (2 seconds). Cut to.Shot 38 (medium long shot, straight on) †¢interior like shot 3, wife frantically walking around room then moves off screen from the right (4 seconds). Cut to Shot 39 (medium long shot, straight-on) †¢interior of room which as a curtain on the right, a lot of empty space in the centre, a chair and a cabinet on the foreground to the right and a cabinet in the background on the left. The wife enters through the curtains on the left puts hand up and looks exhausted (3 seconds). Cut to. Shot 40 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢husband sitting on a chair in the same interior of room as shot 16.He looks straight at the camera and thinks then proceeds to write something down on (8 seconds). Cut to. Shot 41 (long shot, straight on) †¢car driving on windy road at fast speed (3 seconds). Cut to Shot 42 (medium shot, straight on) †¢husband sitting in same interior of room as shot 16 holding telephone in one hand and the gun in the other (gun pointing towards viewer). His eyes get droopy and he looks from the gun straight to the camera then smiles slightly (10 seconds). Cut to. Shot 43 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢same interior of room as shot 39, wife looks panicked, maid enters frame rom right side carrying baby and they all exit through the curtain on the left of the frame (3 seconds). Cut to Shot 44 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢wife and maid holding baby enters interior of room (like shot 3) from right. Wife picks up phone looking worried still and maid and baby stand to her left looking concerned (3 seconds). Cut to Shot 45 (medium shot, slightly high angle) †¢interior of room (like shot 16) husband is still sitting looking at his gun, then something on the telephone catches his attention and he puts it to his ear (3 seconds). ut to. Shot 50 (medium shot, straight on) †¢same setting and positioning as shot 44. Wife puts phone to baby's ear and tries to get him/her to speak (5 seconds). Cut to. Shot 51(medium shot, straight on) †¢same setting and positioning as shot 45, husbands looks more happy to hear the voice on the phone (3 seconds). Cut to Shot 52 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢sam e as shot 50 (2 seconds). Cut to. Shot 53 (medium shot, straight on) †¢same setting and position as shot 51, husband looks relieved but sad. (3 seconds). Cut to. Shot 54 (medium shot, straight on) same setting and shot as 44 wife tells maid and baby to leave, they exit to the left of the shot then wife continues to speak on the phone (3 seconds). Cut to Shot 56 (long shot, straight on) †¢shot of streets and car driving fast down in (2 seconds). Cut to. Shot 57 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢same setting as shot 44. Wife standing in the centre of shot continues to speak on the phone (2 seconds). Cut to. Shot 60 (medium shot, straight on) †¢same setting as shot 45, husband puts phone down and slowly brings gun up to temple (6 seconds). Cut to. Shot 61 (medium shot, straight on) Wife in same setting and position as shot 57. She continues to listen attentively to the phone, then has two shocks when she hears something on the phone. (12 seconds). Cut to. Shot 62 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢same setting and position as shot 60, husband takes fuming gun out of mouth slowly (2 seconds). Cut to . Shot 63 (medium shot, straight on) †¢same setting and positioning as shot 52. Wife now frantically speaking into phone (9 seconds). Cut to. Shot 64 (long shot, straight on) †¢Friend's car drives around the corner and parks in front of shop. He gets off quickly (3 seconds).Cut to. Shot 65 (medium long shot, straight on) †¢friend runs quickly through door at the background then exits through door on the left of screen (5 seconds). Cut to. Shot 66 (medium long shot) †¢friend walks into interior of room (like shot 16) then slowly picks up friend by the head and then places him back down (15 seconds). Cut to. Shot 67 (medium shot, straight-on) †¢wife standing in the same interior as shot 63 speechless (4 seconds). Cut to. Shot 68 (medium shot, straight on) †¢ same interior of room as shot 66 friend stares at dead husband and the n picks up telephone. Cut to.Shot 69 (medium shot, straight on) †¢Wife still speaking on the phone in interior of room like shot 63 (4 seconds). Cut to. Shot 70 (medium shot, straight on) †¢friend in same position as shot 68 speaking on the telephone (2 seconds). Cut to. Shot 71 (medium shot, straight on) †¢same as shot 69 (2 seconds). Cut to. Shot 72 (medium shot straight on) †¢same as shot 70 (2 seconds). Cut to. Shot 73 (medium Shot, Straight on) †¢same setting and position as shot 69, then wife puts telephone down and looks shocked and sad and exits to the right of the shot (13 seconds). Cut to. Shot 74 (long shot, straight on) same interior as shot 39, wife enters from right of shot, can see her profile, then she drops to the floor and her head is partially hidden between the cabinets in the background and foreground (12 seconds). Cut to. Shot 75 (title) †¢white writing on black background written, â€Å"The wife set free from her unfortunate alli ance† (6 seconds). Cut to. Shot 76 (medium long shot, slightly high angle) †¢interior of room, with lots of furniture, wife sitting on chair looking sad, friend enters from left of shot and give a huge bouquet of flower to wife, wife looks slightly happy and hopefully (32 seconds) Written Account of Death's Marathon† dir. D. W. Griffith. (1913) D. W. Griffith's â€Å"Death's Marathon† contain certain prominent stylist cinematic features which are evident through the repetitive use of mise-en-scene, specifically the setting and staging of each shot, editing, framing and the level and angle of each shot. Firstly, the mise-en-scene used in this extract of â€Å"Death's Marathon† are specific to the setting, props and movement of characters. In this clip, the settings evident mainly include the interior of rooms in houses or the landscape of the geographical location as evident with the long shots of the roads and town.These settings are used primarily to show that the story is focused around family and relationship issues as the problems that arise in the story include conflict between marital and business relations. Also, the each setting of the interior of rooms where shot with a short focal length (wide angle) which exaggerated the depth making the distance between the background and foreground seem greater. Apart from the setting, the props used help the viewers distinguish between each interior of the rooms. Also, in each setting there is a different alignment of chairs, desks etc. hich makes certain different props stand out; this allows for objects such as the telephone to become a motif prop. In regards to mise-en-scene, the movement of the character, or lack thereof, is another formal property which is largely evident in this extract because most of the movement is restricted to the small, central area of each shot creating an emphasis on the character's actions. Apart from being restrictive, the character's movement is als o The angle and distance of framing of the shot in this extract are all very imilar in the sense that most of the shots are either a straight on angle or has a slight hight angle. And the Apart from the miss-en-scene aspect of the extract, the specific editing used, combined with the shot length was another stylistic pattern that was evident. The extract did not have any use of transitions. It only cut from one shot to the next throughout. However, Griffith did use shot-reverse-shot technique when the characters were having a discussion over the telephone specifically when the wife was speaking with her husband leading up to his death.The build up to the climax (death of husband) used the shot-reverse-shot technique which includes using shots with shorter lengths (2 seconds each) to create a rhythmic beat, much like that of a heart beat. This slow shot length however is also balanced with longer shots (which lasted up to 12 seconds), more specifically evident after the death of the husband which mimicked the speechlessness of the wife. †¢ angle – straight on angle, medium + long shot (quite simple)

Risks And Uncertainty In Entering New Markets Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2105 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? No one can deny that expand the business activity and entering new market as much as having new market for its resources is valid to survive This decision face obstacle which has variety of importance levels, some of them are reach a level of risks and other stay at uncertainty level and have to be considered in order not to reach the higher risk level The word uncertainty means that a number of different values can exist for a quantity and risk means the possibility of loss or gain as a result of uncertainties. In this report we will discuss the case of risk and uncertainty in Syrian case . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risks And Uncertainty In Entering New Markets Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Risks: Whenever a purchase or sale is made there is a level of risk this risk can be progress from uncertainty to high risk; in order to fully study the type of risk and uncertainty influence on the international business we have to categorize it according to area of impacting here we will discuss those ideas according the following arrangement: Systematic Risk which include the political Economical and Exchange Risk in general and in Syrian market in specific Market risk which discuss Specific Risk Also in this essay we will discuss the Uncertainty and how we can manage it in order not to revert to risks after discussing the type and the different it and the risks. Systematic Risks: Political Risk: Political decisions can impact on many vital areas for business such as the education of the workforce, the health of the nation and the quality of the infrastructure of the economy It is imperative to evaluate the potential level of risk by using several different approaches and techniques, these approaches fall into several general and common categories: Systemic risk: It is Risks faced by investors as a result from shifts in public policy. New political leadership may adopt policies that differ from its predecessors. For example, Syrian released new regulation at the beginning of 2010 the new role assume that each Commercial Invoice not legalized form the Syrian Embassy of the exporter country is not trustworthy; therefore each exporter to Syrian market has to get a document from the Syrian embassy to certify that the Commercial Invoice value and information of this goods is authoritative; this new procedures badly affect any transaction related to export to Syria be cause not all embassies infrastructure is good enough to arrange all that type of legalization and documents (the size of work are related to the exporting volume to Syria from that country the most confusing situation was in Syrian embassy in China) which mean that the goods has to be wait at the port of discharge or the port of lading according to the type of goods, which mean increase the cost of demerge for goods in boards as well as the discrepancy of banks if the exporter choose the Letter of Credit as a payment term, fortunately this new regulation life period was short and they stop work on it after one month which create another confusing for international trade. A very uncertain political and economic outlook and a business environment with many troublesome weaknesses can have a significant impact on corporate payment behavior. Corporate default probability is high. Procedural risks: Political intervention in procedures to apply specific policy this policy can affect the economy in general. it Created by one movement of people, products and funds that move from point to point in the global market between the units involved, whether units of a company or units of a country. This situation appeared in Syria in the middle of 2006 when the government decides to switch from the Oriented Economy System to Social Market Economy The question arise here how it can affect the purchase or sale internationally and how it affect the companies which decide to login the Syrian market? In fact this policy shifts can create opportunities for some of foreign investors and some local investor as well, since the government apply a lot of facilities and low taxes for specific sectors like trade and tourism on the other hand it will badly affect the other economy sector such as the industries, agriculture and welfare. On the other hand the documentary risk is the main reason behind slow or non-payment in the international trade most of problem is related to the document incorrectly preparation, this document is required to complete the transaction, Cross-border transactions involve many documents, yet just one missing document or a discrepancy in a document can stop a payment temporarily or permanently, for example in the Syrian regulation information and stamps mentioned on the Commercial invoice has to match the one on the Certificate of Origin in case of producer and goods description while the Bill of Lading information has to match the information on the Certificate of Origin in case of carton number, weight and the H.S. CodeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ etc. Some of the more common document problems are caused by Letters of Credit, some information dont match the open LC condition like the date of shipments and the port of lading nameÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ etc. Certifications such as certificates of origin, the information on it dont include the H.S. Code and other information required in host country custo ms. Customs documents: like real packing list or any specific document required according to country policy (in Syria if CI dont bear the paragraph which certify that this goods dont have any Israeli material of labor activity may stop the declaration procedures according the Syrian problems with Israel) Transportation documents, BL may not bear the H.S. code or the consignee party doesnt match the name of registered name of the company which receives the documents. Most important set of documents in Syria is Certificate of Origin, Commercial Invoice, and Bill of Lading, those documents may not have the same priority in other countries according to that country laws. Recently most countries start use the digital world features to facilitate preparing these documents, specially CO and other type of Certificates such as Health Certificate and Certificate of analysis for certain type of goods. Any mismatch between this information will increase the cost of declaration, dela y the payment and may stop the import procedures in all. It is important to pay more attention to the Procedural risks since the custom and monetary system is Syria is not flexible and have a lot of penalties in case of any mistake in the documents caused by the distrust between government and trader, however the procedural risk can be avoided by dealing with local commentator agency which moderate this kind of risks. Distributive risk: Distributive political risk reflects revisions in such items as tax codes, regulatory structure, and monetary policy imposed by governments in order to capture greater benefits from the activities of foreign firms. The new world system in this case is to use the H.S. Code to categorized the goods type and apply the tax accordingly that in case of trade as import and export; another case is to invest in a foreign country the dynamic of distributive political risk is creeping expropriation, a gradual elimination of foreign companys local prope rty rights. As the business grows more successful, officials may question whether they are receiving their fairÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬-share of the growing profits. Most of foreign investor in Syrian market has a good condition and medium tax rate comparing with neighbor countries but they cant own the land they work on it, but usually the corporate financing information often not available and when available usually unreadable Debt collection is unpredictable. The institutional framework has many troublesome weaknesses. Intercompany transactions run major risks in the difficult environments rated C according to COFAC the company who is specialised export credit insurance, managing its own products and State guarantees for French exports. Catastrophic risk: Catastrophic political risk includes those random political developments that adversely affect the operations of all firms in a country; this type of risk can devastate companies and countries as well. It includes political developments that adversely affect the operations of every company in a country, recently civil disorder has appeared which make troubles the trade in general that affect the . POINT-COUNTERPOINT: Political Risk Management POINT- ACTIVE POLITICAL RISK MANAGEMENT: Active political risk management reasons that if one measures the right set of discrete events, one should be able to calculate the degree of political risk in a country and estimate the likelihood that politically risky disruptions, will occur (e.g., civil strife, terrorism, regime change, ethnic tensions, contract repudiation, financial controls, transaction risks). In Syria case the political risk can be predicted since the scene political policy is same since last decade and sharply changes are improbable for the next decades if the catastrophic problem which starts recently become controllable by government so the other risk will be acceptable and can be managed easily. COUNTERPOINT- PASSIVE POLITICAL RISK MANAGEMENT: Many firms choose to treat political risk as an unpredictable hazard of international business. They adopt a strategic response by find a cost-effective way to minimize the risks like purchasing insurance for each of its operational activities which mean increase the cost of establishing of lunching the new market Economical Risk Economical risk can sometimes be forecast but is often completely out of the control in both the buyer or seller sides. Purchasing transaction insurance is essential for a buyer to minimize economic risk. In order to fully analysis the economical risk we will have a deep look at the Syrian Macro Economy act by analysis the following points: exchange rates Foreign exchange risk occurs when the rate of exchange between the sellers currency and the buyers currency changes dramatically between the time the order is quoted and the time the final payment is received, usually this risk appear when the political policy is not clear, in Syria the political policy stability add more stability to the exchange rate and add more trust to foreign investor. Trade Burden size CAD/GDP 2009: According to the World Bank data we can calculate the following: CAD/GDP= -1.1% it is greater than -2% and that a good indicator for low risk Debt service ratio 2009: Relates the cost of repaying foreign debt to the amount being earned by exports. It can be calculated as following: DSR= Total Dept Service/ Export X Total Export/ Export Goods Services DSR= 3.1 X 11,817/18,351= 1.996 It is less than 20% which is very good indicator for low risk Import Reserve Ratio 2009: To analysis how country can compensate its imports we will calculate the IRR IRR= Reserves / Total imports X12 IRR =6512 / 16121 X12 = 4.85 months since it is more than 3 it consider good After years of autarky, Syria still hardly open to the world, but this policy protect it from the bad effects of the economy crises 2009 and we can realize the booming in the real estate sector, also the oil production of country support the currency and government policy, the government facility for foreign investors as much as the availability of raw material and great location of Syria make the investment in the agriculture and transportation is good choice. CAD/GDP, DSR and IRR ratio is n ot the right indicator to evaluate any economy but it can advise us a background of general image of that country economy. POINT-COUNTERPOINT: Economical Risk Management POINT- ACTIVE ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT: some company prefer to consider the Economical Risk management as part of market analysis research which mean that each result will be accompany with other evidence and can have a good research result as a result to have the right decision. COUNTERPOINT- PASSIVE ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT: consider the Economic Risk analysis as a first indicator can give you a first sight at the target market and according to the result some companies prefer to precede the market research, but those companies have to draw more attention that considering the Economical risk analysis alone as a first step will let company loss a lot of good opportunities because usually the greater economy in the worlds can have high risk in some points such as CAD/GDP which has high risk in USA but it still have the best FDI chance since they support the FDI by good facilities offered to foreign investor. Specific Risk: Which also can called Market risk Choose the wrong industry? Choose the wrong positioning? Different types of Strategy.. Corporate Business Who is responsible for what? Uncertainty: https://www.wikinvest.com/stock/International_Business_Machines_%28IBM%29/Market_Risk https://wikieducator.org/Introduction_to_Political_and_Economic_Risk https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/syria/risk/ https://www.coface.com/CofacePortal/COM_en_EN/pages/home/risks_home/country_risks/country_file/Syria?extraUid=572216